POL 339A Denial & Deception (D&D) in Intel History: From the Trojan Horse to Today

This course provides an overview of denial and deception (D&D) practices in intelligence from ancient times to the present day. This course will examine practices nations and non-state actors have used to attempt to hide their true plans, intentions and capabilities from an adversary [denial] and to mislead an adversary with false information [deception] in order to acheive surprise. D&D is meant to impede an adversary's ability to obtain accurate inforamtin and consequently degrade an adversary's ability to make valid judgments about a nation's or non-state actor's plans, intentions and capabilities. The topic will be addressed by examining case studies of well-documented examples of denial and deception efforts.